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The Limpopo River Basin

	Introduction
	Geography
	Basin Landscape
	Geomorphology
	Relief
	Geology
	Soils
	Mineral Reserves
	Vegetation in the Basin
	Land Cover
	Basins of Southern Africa
	River Basin and IWRM
	Climate and Weather
	Principles of Climate and Weather
	Hydrologic Cycle
	Climate Variability
	Climate Classification
	Water Scarcity
	Drought
	Climate of the Limpopo Basin
	The Regional Climate
	Climatic Patterns
	Climatic Variability
	Climatic Classification
	Water Scarcity
	Drought
	Cyclones
	Climate Change
	Climate Change Adaptation
	Climate Change in Southern Africa
	Hydrology
	Principles of Hydrology
	Water Cycle
	Surface Water
	Streams & Rivers
	Lakes and Reservoirs
	Flooding
	Groundwater
	SW/GW Interactions
	Water Balance
	Hydrology of the Limpopo Basin
	Surface Water
	Groundwater
	SADC Hydrogeological Map
	SW/GW Interactions
	Flooding
	Water Balance
	Hydrology of Southern Africa
	Water Quality
	Principles of Water Quality
	Physical Characteristics
	Water Temperature
	Dissolved Oxygen
	Conventional Variables
	Chemical Parameters
	Nutrients and Eutrophication
	Nitrates in Groundwater
	Metals
	Biological Parameters
	Qualitative Characteristics
	Human Impacts to Water Quality
	Groundwater
	Agricultural Impacts
	Industry and Mining
	Impact from Mines
	Waterberg Coalfield
	Salinity
	Hardness
	Microbiological
	Heavy Metals
	Persistent Organic Pollutants
	Water Temperature
	Radio-nuclides
	Case Study: Upper Olifants River
	Water Quality Fitness for Use
	Ecology and Biodiversity
	Ecology
	Aquatic Ecology
	Building Blocks
	Aquatic Habitats
	Life in Aquatic Ecosystems
	Food Chains and Webs
	Biomass and Production
	Classification of Organisms
	Micro-organisms
	Plants
	Invertebrates
	Vertebrates
	Fish Species of the Limpopo
	Factors Affecting Ecosystems
	Environmental Flows
	Wetlands
	Function of Wetlands
	Biodiversity
	Biodiversity in the Basin
	Endemic and Alien Species
	Biomes and Eco-regions
	Biodiversity Resources
	Human Impacts on Biodiversity
	Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
	Sub-basin Summaries
	Bonwapitse
	Bubi
	Changane
	Crocodile
	Lephalala
	Letaba
	Limpopo (Lower)
	Limpopo (Lower Middle)
	Lotsane
	Luvuvhu
	Mahalapswe
	Marico
	Matlabas
	Mogalakwena
	Mokolo
	Motloutse
	Mwenezi
	Mzingwani
	Notwane
	Nzhelele
	Olifants (Lower)
	Olifants (Middle)
	Olifants (Upper)
	Sand
	Shashe
	Shingwedzi
	Steelpoort
	References